Monogram cipher

Abstract

Arabic calligraphy has witnessed great development and has become an artistic product with aesthetic and expressive features and values. Its improvement has resulted in several lines that were divided into basic lines and other innovative lines, among which the Tughra line emerged as an art of linear formations that went beyond the stage of correct writing to drawing, which artistic development over time has given it great diversity and richness in form and composition.Some of them were devoid of decoration, limited to the name of the Sultan and his titles, and distinguished by the beauty and elegance of the line, and some of them were clear in features, rich in decoration according to the mood of the era. The Tughra was designed as a linear mark or signature that is drawn on all official documents to become enforceable, performing a functional, political, social and artistic role, from decrees, publications and high royal orders and as a mark engraved on the coin that serves as a drawing of kings among the Crusaders, and in marking official buildings, cannons and warships.