Defensive Fortifications Architecture in the Bronze Ages Tell Manbaqa (Ekalte) case study

Abstract

This research aims to study the defensive fortification in each of Munbaqa (Ekalte) in terms of design and construction, as the remains of huge and diverse defensive fortifications were found. The fortification in Munbaqa consists of two walls and five gates, two walls whose history goes back to the ancient, medieval and modern Bronze Ages, the ancient Bronze Age wall was designed According to the system known as casemate, the Bronze Age wall was designed the middle, according to a design known as the “saw tooth” and the modern Bronze Age wall, was an entire stone wall. It is also concerned with studying the three types of gates that were discovered, namely the northern gate, the northeastern gate, and the southern Arab gate, and their designs were similar in terms of one axis and differences.  On the rest of the sides, some of them have a simple corridor with symmetrical side rooms, some of them have two towers built on either side of them, and some of them resemble a complex (five rooms and a hall).