Damascus University Journal of Historical Studies
A scientific, refereed, periodical and specialized magazine, issued online which aims with the help of specialized researchers (Syrian and Arab) from the faculties of Damascus University ,other government universities , private universities and researchers from Arab universities to take its distinguished rule in enlightening and educating human and Arab mind and shedding light on Arab history through its all ages. ISSN: 2789-7478 (online)
The Emigration of Scientists from Damascus to Baghdad in the early Abbasi Time: Its Reasons and effects
The emigration of scientists is one of the phenomena that has a deep effect in building knowledge and transferring it throughout Ages. The emigration of scientists of Damascus to Baghdad during the early Abbasi time was an important stage in the history of Islamic thought. It can’t be understood just as mere movement of individuals from one city to another, or it can’t be described as a direct result of the shift of the center of caliphate from Umayyad rule to Abbasi rule. However, it should be viewed as compound civilized phenomenon, and structural change in the center of knowledge production within the Arab Islamic Civilization. This emigration wasn’t a result of single factor but it was a result of a group of complicated political, economic, scientific and social reasons, which forced the Damascene scientists to look for a new environment that contains all the requirements of scientific production and stability. When Damascus lost the court and the center of caliphate, that led to reduce chances of official care for scientists and thinkers. Meanwhile, Baghdad became center of attraction of science that exceeded other Arab and Islamic Capitals at that time. So, the elite scientists moved from the old city to the new one, they brought with them traditions of writing, styles of poetry and administrative experiences and various other sciences. This emigration led to establishment of political legitimacy of the Abbasi state and developed it administrative system. It contributed to enrich the scientific environment of Baghdad city and expanded the scope of scientific research and transferred the civilized experiment of Damascus to the Abbasi capital (Baghdad). This led to a great social movement within the Abbasi society which raised the position of scientists. In spite of all these circumstances. Damascus kept its scientific and cultural position and remained a base of the language, literature, medicine and calligraphy benefiting from past experiences of a whole century of the Umayyad administration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Damascus University Journal of Historical Studies
The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation(962-1806)
The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (the Old Reich), founded in 962 by Otto the Great, possessed unique characteristics that distinguished it from other empires in history. Most importantly, it was elective. Adding to its distinctiveness, and perhaps part of its allure, was its non-expansionist approach, unlike the Second and Third Reichs. The empire's primary function was to contain the dynamics of power, ensuring the protection of subjects from the excesses of their lords, and safeguarding smaller imperial fiefdoms from the greed and arrogance of larger ones. The empire embraced great diversity and offered considerable "freedom" for its time, to the point that its European contemporaries, most notably Niccolò Machiavelli, considered it a good place to live. This is not surprising, as its governmental structure, along with the nature of its system, made it exceptional Although its form of government was imperial, it was not despotic. The emperor represented the apex of power, but he needed the consent of the nation's classes to enact anything. This led to a rivalry between centralization and decentralization, and the continuation of this rivalry would lead to the emergence of the Austro-Prussian "duality." The Habsburg dynasty was one of the most important families to hold the imperial crown in this empire due to the repeated election of emperors from its ranks as a result of the Ottoman threat. In Europe, the French kingdom was its fiercest enemy, as it was able to constantly interfere in its internal affairs to stir up unrest. This interference, along with internal weaknesses, was one of the reasons for its fall at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806.
THE PROBLEM OF THEATER IN HOMS (EMESE ) DURING ROMAN AGE
The city of homs (emese ) played an important historical role , several emperors from the severian dynasty ascended the throne of Rome , after Septimus severus marred the daughter of a priest of the sun temple( julia domina ) , which belongs to noble lineage of family Sampsigeramos , princes this city . However , many archaeological problems relate to the city of homs , trough the classical ages , the most important aspects understanding its architecture al structures dating back to the roman age , which remains unknown to this day ? , our knowledge of it does not go beyond hypotheses and preliminary readings (city walls and sun temple ) , In addition to the theater which is the subject of our research , in which we present a question and suggestion regarding its supposed location ? . on the other hand research in to possible alternatives , and the reasons that make a city of such historical importance, without a theater during the roman age , with the possibility for theater artists their performances on temporary wooden theatre ? .
A prospective studyof the fate of the prophecies of twotheories (The End of History - The Clash of Civilizations)
This research thoroughly examines the key intellectual foundations upon which the "end of history" and "clash of civilizations" theories are based, attempting to develop a scientifically grounded strategy to refute and disprove the claims of these two theories. The research also reveals the current state of these theories after more than three decades since their emergence and promotion. Based on this, it seeks to offer an analytical study that clarifies some perceptions regarding the fate and future of the ideas that both theories predicted and defended.
The training and discipline of the caliphs' children during the second Abbasid era (232–334 AH/847–946 AD)
This research highlights the prominent educational contribution of the tutors of the princes of the Abbasid dynasty during the era (232-334 AH / 847-946 AD), which witnessed radical transformations in the political and cultural structures. These tutors played a pivotal role in shaping the educational process for the princes and members of the ruling class, thus forming a bridge between Islamic educational authenticity and the requirements of managing state affairs. The educational vision formulated by these tutors was based on integrating theoretical knowledge with practical applications. Their curricula included the study of Islamic sciences from the Holy Qur’an and the Prophet’s hadiths, with special attention paid to the topics of governance and justice, in addition to the Arabic language and its literature, philosophy and logic within the framework of Islamic controls. They also paid attention to studying history and analyzing the biographies of rulers, with practical training on the burdens of governance through a realistic simulation of the work of the court. This integrated education resulted in the graduation of leaders who combined world culture and political acumen, even if these results were accompanied by some stumbles resulting from political or personal circumstances. The importance of this study comes from its revelation of The dialectical relationship between knowledge and power, highlighting the profound impact of education in shaping the mentality and awareness of princes.
AL- Adah al-Mutadah (traditions) of Christian monasteries in the city of Jerusalemduring the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
This study aims to investigate one of the financial assumptions of Christian monasteries in the city of Jerusalem during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries AD, and it is known AL-Adah al-Mutadah ( traditions). The study dealt with the groups benefiting from the usual custom and the three Christian monasteries that were paid by them (the Armenian Monastery, the Latin Monastery and the Deir al-Rum), and concluded by talking about the attempts made to abolish them. In view of the fact that the documents constitute a preeminence in the construction of the historical text, this study relied on a unique type of historical documents represented by the records of the Al-Quds Sharia Court because of the rich and rich information they provide on the subject of the study, and it was unique to other sources, whether printed or manuscript, in dealing with the documents of the usual custom. In this study, the researcher used several approaches, the most important of which is the historical-analytical method, and he also relied on the quantitative-statistical method through the statistical method that is based on the collection of digital data.
Copyright (c) 2025 Damascus University Journal of Historical Studies
The gods of agriculture and fertility manifestations in the ancient Egyptian religious thought
This study explores the intricate and profound relationship between agricultural deities and manifestations of fertility in ancient Egyptian religious thought, revealing the symbolic and functional dimensions that shaped the Egyptians’ perception of nature’s cycle and agricultural production. The research addresses the topic through two main axes: the first focuses on prominent agricultural deities—such as Osiris, Isis, Min, Renenutet, Hapy, Neith, Sekhmet, and Bastet—highlighting their roles in maintaining the agricultural order and ensuring the continuity of fertility. The second axis investigates the intellectual framework that generated the concept of fertility, examining its connection to rituals, beliefs, and daily practices, as well as to symbolic representations such as the inundation, silt, seeds, and birth. This analysis demonstrates how nature was sacralized and agricultural activity was linked to divine will. The study reveals the scientific and religious significance of this relationship and its impact on shaping a collective Egyptian consciousness rooted in sacred management of agriculture, fertility, and abundance
British traveler and consul John Kirk in East Africa in the second half of the nineteenth century
This reserch is a historical study of the role of the doctor, traveler, naturalist, and British consul Jhon kirk in zanzibar in particular, and in east africa in general, in the second half of the nineteenth century. kirk arrived in east africa as a doctor and naturalist accompanying Livingstone's expedition to discover the course of the Zambezi river and its suitability for navigation between 1858 and 1863. He then returned to Zanzibar as a doctor to the British consular Agency in 1866, and rose through the ranks of the Agency as Vice-Consul and Assistant political Agent in 1868, then to the position of consul and political Agent there between 1873 and 1887. During this time, he played a significant role in British hegemony over Zanzibar and East africa, and defended the borders of the Zanzibar Sultanate as a British influence and protection, until this policy collapsed in the face of the ambitions of other European powers, especially Germany, and the division of its possessions with Britain, He continued his african interests after retiring from his consular post; Whether through the British Imperial East Africa Company or the Brussels Slave Trade Conference of 1890. He remained relied upon for advice on African affairs until his death in 1922.
The Myth of Creation in the Egyptian religion Memphis as a model
The myth of Memphis is one of the most important creation Myths in ancient Egypt. It had appeared in Memphis city which was the first capital after the unification of Egypt in the last period of the fourth millennium BC, thus, the myth had been attributed to it. This myth distinguishes by its ideological evolution over other Egyptian creation theories, and by its transcendence of the material element of creation to the spiritual element. It represents the creation as an image or an idea that the mind or heart of Ptah thought of. Ptah transforms this incorporeal image or idea to a perceivable form on his tongue. So, from those sacramental words Ptah creates the gods as well as humans, cities, jobs, ranks, provisions, and food. Finally, the most important feature of this myth is that Ptah exists in everything he created through the their tongues and hearts.
Proposed plan for managing Minqa Castle as a tourist destination
This research addressed the importance of the Minqa Castle or Al-Muniqa as an important archaeological and historical site that represents a part of the Syrian architectural heritage. It also aims to develop an integrated plan for its management and development as a sustainable tourist destination. The research began with a brief historical and geographical presentation of the castle, highlighting its cultural and architectural significance. It then analyzed the current situation in terms of infrastructure, the level of tourism awareness, and the challenges facing the site, such as neglect, lack of services, and weak tourism marketing. It also included site rehabilitation, marketing and promotion, and engaging the local community in protecting the site and benefiting from tourism activities through training and job creation. In addition, it included improving access to the castle, providing services for visitors such as public facilities and guidance centers, ensuring the environmental and cultural preservation of the castle, and adopting sustainable tourism practices. The research concluded that implementing this plan will contribute to strengthening the castle's position as an important tourist site and will achieve economic and cultural benefits for the region.
Arabic calligraphy has witnessed great development and has become an artistic product with aesthetic and expressive features and values. Its improvement has resulted in several lines that were divided into basic lines and other innovative lines, among which the Tughra line emerged as an art of linear formations that went beyond the stage of correct writing to drawing, which artistic development over time has given it great diversity and richness in form and composition.Some of them were devoid of decoration, limited to the name of the Sultan and his titles, and distinguished by the beauty and elegance of the line, and some of them were clear in features, rich in decoration according to the mood of the era. The Tughra was designed as a linear mark or signature that is drawn on all official documents to become enforceable, performing a functional, political, social and artistic role, from decrees, publications and high royal orders and as a mark engraved on the coin that serves as a drawing of kings among the Crusaders, and in marking official buildings, cannons and warships.
The Impact of the Social Dimension of Sustainable Tourism Development on Local Community Satisfaction in Old Damascus
Old Damascus is an important tourist destination and has Outstanding Universal Value for its rich resources, cultural heritage, and historical and civilizational diversity. This calls for their protection and preservation through adopting the concept of sustainable tourism and involving the local community to ensure its Satisfaction and the sustainable tourism development. The research aims to study the impact of the social dimension of sustainable tourism development on local community satisfaction in Old Damascus. A random sample of residents was selected, (200) questionnaires were distributed, and (159) valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. The results of this study showed that “local economic benefits, support for community, and access for all” indicators, ranked in order of importance, have an impact on local community satisfaction when all indicators exist. While “community involvement and awareness, and health, safety and security” indicators, have no impact on local community satisfaction when all indicators exist. This implies the necessity of formulating a social plan to improve the quality of life for residents.
The Nebekian Stone Industries according to the current archaeological data
This research deals with the Nebekian stone industries according to the current archaeological data. It follows the descriptive method, It is divided into two sections ,The first was devoted to researching the geographical and historical contexts of the Nebekian culture according to the current archaeological data. While the second theme was devoted to researching the Nebekian stone industries according to the current archaeological data. The Nebekian stone industries discovered in Syria and Jordan were relied upon as a main source of information. With the aim of giving an integrated idea of ​​the Nebekian culture. The originality of this research stems from the fact that it is considered the first research dealing with the Nebekian culture according to recent archaeological discoveries, It is distinguished from previous studies by its inclusion of all the stone industries discovered up to the date of its completion in one integrated work that contributes to giving an integrated idea of these industries. This research is limited to it includes Syria and Jordan geographically, While that chronologically, it includes the late Upper Paleolithic period (25,000-20,000 BC), and the ancient stage of the Epipaleolithic period (20,000-14,000 BC), With regard to its objective boundaries, it represents with the geographical and historical frameworks of the Nebekian culture, Stone tools manufacturing techniques and types of tools produced.
Palm crops and their economic and industrial importance in Libya
The blessed palm tree is considered the greatest food-producing tree in the desert areas in the past, where it is called the fruit of the desert. Its cultivation is widespread In the Arab oases and represents an essential factor in adapting to the appropriate conditions for the settlement of the population and using it in their lives not only as a food ingredient, but also as an industrial, fertilizer, and environmentally friendly product. Today, it has become of economic importance. At the local and international levels, therefore, Atlas Company chose to launch the Nakhalati project due to Its agricultural importance in the Arab world, from Morocco and Mauritania to the Arabian Gulf. Today, it has become a major partner in the agricultural investment sector. It has also become a symbol of the desert environment with it’s ability to adapt to drought and high temperatures, in addition to being a food source. It has high energy that can be stored and transported, a source of shade and protection from desert winds, and an environmental, social and economic balance factor. It is considered one of the means of combating desertification in many Arab countries because it provides protection for the trees and plants that are grown with It and under it. It forms the backbone of agricultural activity, as It is the main source of livelihood. The inhabitants of the oases eat from its dates, drink Its juice, build their homes from Its trunks and leaves, make their baskets, dishes, and household equipment from its fronds, and use its waste to make fodder for animals and organic fertilizers for the soil. The research included an introduction, four sections, and a conclusion. The first dealt with the growth of palm trees, their original habitat, their geographical distribution, their chemical composition and morphological description, in addition to environmental requirements, automatic pollination and propagation techniques, while the second dealt with the Importance of religious palm trees, as they were mentioned in the Holy Qur’an 22 times, in addition to To Its economic importance, as It constitutes the second economic wealth in Libya after oil, as well as its nutritional and coordination importance, with Its beautiful view and the many varieties used to decorate homes, streets, gardens, etc., In addition to the Al-Laqbi drink, which is a pure wine-colored alcoholic drink with a delicious taste. As for the third He talked about the climatic factors affecting the palm tree, Including heat, light, wind, and rain, as well as humidity, and the extent of Its effect on the growth of the palm tree and the extent of the palm tree’s adaptation to It. The fourth part included talking about the most important by-products of the palm tree. In addition to the primary product, dates, there are many secondary products such as paper making, palm waste recycling, and the production of boards. Fibrous wood Is used in military industries, as well as the production of animal feed, alternatives to organic fertilizer, as well as the manufacture of biofuel (coal – firewood), in addition to other handicrafts such as ropes, baskets, dishes, etc. The research concluded with a conclusion that Included the most important findings of the research and a number of recommendations. Which may help improve palm growth and multiplication and ways to benefit from it as an economic wealth.
A model of mass tombs in the Middle Bronze Age at Salamieh city
The research focuses on the tomb discovered in the eighties of the last century during the implementation of the road works in preparation for the opening of an international road between Hama Governorate and Salamieh city, when a collapse in the soil occurred about /5.7/km. to the city. The tomb was a complete one with all the funerary items related to the dead people buried there. it is still far from the hands of antiquities thieves. The study of the pottery recipients, which exceeded two hundred artifacts, shows that it carries the technical characteristics of the Middle Bronze Age II, and this is extremely important, as the region was restored in the middle of the second millennium BC widely, and played an important role in the events of the central region, This was mentioned in several previous studies. The tomb is divided into entrances and two burial spaces, in which eleven bodies were laid down with their funerary equipment consisting of pottery utensils, metal and jewelry. The tomb until now was the only model for a collective tomb in the region from the middle bronze age II, so the architectural model is unique and thus we should study it to understand the rituals related to life and death in that era in the eastern part of the middle internal region, and the importance of the tomb not stopped on its important period, but goes through the artistic importance of the discovered finds, as the area has not been subjected to archaeological excavations covering the Middle Bronze Age in a peaceful area, so the pottery finds discovered in the tomb gave a good picture of the pottery industry in the region during the Middle Bronze Age, in addition to some metal models (axes) and bracelets.
Religious integration during the Roman era: the Palmyrene goddess Allat as a model.
The goddess Allat is considered one of the prominent goddesses in the city of Palmyra, whose worship spread in the city in the late Hellenistic period, where some images were found that embody her as a local character in traditional dress on a throne of lions. However, starting from the middle of the second century AD, the inscriptions discovered in the city of Palmyra began to link the name of the goddess Allat to the Greek goddess Athena under the influence of the new religious traditions that the Palmyrene warriors who joined the Roman army helped to transfer to the city and was not accompanied by any noticeable pictorial changes in the way the goddess was embodied in religious sculptures. However, starting from the third century AD, some pictorial characteristics of the Greek goddess began to appear in sculptures of the goddess Athena-Allat, while maintaining the local character of the style of depicting the goddess, which suggests that there were attempts to give a local character to the imported goddess in order to create religious acceptance for her among the Palmyrene believers who stick to the original traditions of their religion.
Organizing permanent markets and monitoring food supplies in the Mamluk era (648-923 AH - 1250-1517 AD)
Markets are an important socio-economic system that directly reflects the stability of the state, the most important ethics of the merchant class in society, and their reciprocal relationship with the state on the one hand, and consumers on the other. Accordingly, this research covers aspects of daily life in the Mamluk state through a study of markets, their architectural components, the sale of food commodities, the role of the Mamluks in their oversight, and the administrative and legal measures taken against violators. The research also addresses the most important factors influencing the availability of food, such as natural disasters, and their impact on the state, particularly grains, dairy products, beverages, and sweets. This study involves appointing employees tasked with monitoring and control, known as muhtasib (inspector) and urfa' (officials).
The Potential of Heritage in Sustainable Development: A Proposed Strategy for the Development of Syrian Tangible and Intangible Heritage on the World Heritage List.
Today, the interest of heritage in sustainable development is increasing. World heritage formulate the symbol of interaction between people as an inspiration resource for future. The recent events in Syria since 2011 and the impact of war on Syrian heritage have called efforts and capabilitites to preserve and sustain heritage. This study sheds light on the potinital of heritage and use its resources in achieving comprehensive development. Defining World Heritage of Syria in both tangible and intangible heritage. Working to analyze the components of development and show the importance of smart management. The study was followed the historical methodology and the descriptive method in analytical approach. Analysis was used to determine the impact of political, economic, social, technical, environmental and legal factors (PESTEL). The study set a strategy under the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and its targets for clarified the development benefits and gains in innovation, education, culture, economy, tourism, comprehensive urban environments and enhancing partnership.
Byzantine Emperor John I Comnenus in light of the book of John Cynamos 512-538 AH / 1118-1143 AD
The sixth century AH/twelfth century AD witnessed the arrival of the Komnene family to rule the Byzantine Empire, whichh was able to leave Immortal pages in history, especially In the pages of their contemporary historians, including John Kynamos, who chronicled the rule of the two emperors, John Komnene and his son Manuel Komnene, and praised them greatly, but he dealt with the reign of John Komnene. In short, while Manuel Komnene has been chronicled at great length, John Komnene was one of the most prominent emperors who ascended the throne of the Byzantine Empire throughout its long history and one of the greatest figures who ruled with intelligence and wisdom. The research shed light on the works of John Komnene in the book Kynamos, especially his accession to the throne, and his wars in Asia Minor. Against the Seljuks, his wars In the Balkans against the Hungarians and Serbs, and his campaign to obtain Antioch. The research also dealt with John’s campaign in Cilicia against Leo the Armenian, and shed light on the transfer of power from John Komnene to his younger son Manuel Komnene and then the death of John.
Roman StandardsTheir Types, Symbolic Significance, and Military Role
This research examines the central role of military standards in the Roman army, where they were not merely distinguishing marks for units but also symbols of the Empire's power and prestige. They played an active role in fostering patriotism and discipline among soldiers. Special emphasis is placed on the Aquila as the primary symbol of the imperial armies, along with an analysis of the specialized roles of standard bearers, such as the Aquilifer and Vexillarius, who played a crucial role in boosting soldiers' morale and coordinating military actions during critical moments in battles. The analysis includes the evolution of the standards' design over the ages, reflecting the cultural and political changes experienced by the Empire. Standards were not merely practical tools but bore sacred symbols, making them integral to religious and formal rituals, as seen in wall paintings like those discovered in Dura-Europos and in coins bearing standard symbols. This research draws on historical sources and archaeological evidence to illustrate how standards became symbols of the soldiers' devotion and deep loyalty to the empire. Standards, in their various forms, not only reinforced Roman identity but also served as a means to legitimize the emperor's rule and express the military might of Rome.
The Imperial British East Africa Company1888-1894
This study examines the circumstances under which the Imperial British East Africa Company was established, and its concession to manage and invest the coast of the Zanzibar Sultanate on the East African mainland between the Umbi River and Kibini. It sheds light on the company’s role in the process of building British colonial control in East Africa, and its contributions in various fields that facilitated and later contributed to the emergence of the British East Africa Colony. The study relies on a variety of sources that include the writings of some administrators who served in the company, and contemporary travelers and missionaries who were eyewitnesses to its policy and how it administered that part of East Africa between 1888-1894
The army of the Second Neo-Assyrian Empire and its victories according to cuneiform sources and artistic scenes
With its important geographical location, Assyria occupied the link between Mesopotamia and Anatolia on the one hand and the countries of the Mediterranean basin on the other hand, and between the central and southern regions of Mesopotamia, in addition to its location on the transportation routes that connect the northeast and southwest. Despite all the advantages, It lacked the resources necessary for industry to develop its economy. Therefore, the Assyrians sought to secure these resources either through trade or through military campaigns, which led them to form a strong and organized army through which they were able to control most of the roads and regions that contributed to strengthening their economy, in addition to their emergence as a great power in that history, which was documented through cuneiform texts. And artistic paintings.
Metal Altars In Palmyra And Dura-Europos.
The altars dating back to the Roman era are considered one of the most frequently discovered ritual tools during excavations in various Syrian regions. All of them, despite their different shapes, are classified as stone altars. However, the appearance of several scenes within the sculptural and fresco of the of Palmyra and Dura-Europos depicting several models of altars, which can be inferred from their shape and colors especially in the fresco that they are metal altars, of which no real examples have been found to date, raises a few of questions. This paper discusses the formal details of these altars and attempts to answer the problem posed by the failure to find this type of altars during the excavations, unlike the case of stone altars, for which examples have appeared that are identical in some cases to their images in these artworks, in addition to the problem of the appearance of this type of altars in the artworks of the eastern region only. This paper concludes that this type of altars may have been imported and fall within the Parthian artistic influences that appeared in the arts of these two cities more strongly than in the rest of the regions due to their geographical location on the trade routes coming from Mesopotamia to the Levant.
France's position on the declaration of the Algerian Liberation Front in 1954
This research deals with the general situation in which the Algerian revolution began in 1954 AD, which came after a long period of political struggle, after some patriots realized that revolution was necessary to achieve independence. This research deals with the general situation in which the Algerian revolution began in 1954 AD, which came after a long period of political struggle, after some patriots realized that revolution was necessary to achieve independence and that they are not convinced of the legitimacy of annexing Algeria to the French state “France Overseas”. he research monitored the initial French reactions to the Algerian revolution, shedding light on the official French position inside Algeria and France, which downplayed the importance of the events that took place. It also monitored the position of the French settlers regarding the attacks carried out by the Front’s mujahideen on military points, which caused them fear and astonishment, in addition to monitoring the position of the French press and media and the position of French intellectuals, each of whom tried to express his opinion regarding what happened on Algerian territory. The research concluded that the division of French opinions between opponents and supporters regarding the legitimacy of the Algerian revolution, and that the existence of support for the Algerian revolution by some French groups is nothing but evidence that this revolution is justified
The influence of religion on medicine in ancient Egypt( BC3200 – 1085)
Ancient Egyptian sciences were closely linked to religion, making them inseparable from its sphere. Since their inception, they became part of religious teachings, even though they developed, but not at the pace that this profession experiences when liberated from constraints. The religious influence on medicine was profound, leading to its association with religious incantations. This research elucidates the categories of physicians, their training, their relationship with authority, the temple, and the military, as well as how healing was practiced and the significance of the papyri that have reached us, and the connection between embalming and physicians. It summarizes the medical reality in ancient Egypt, its religious and scientific foundations, and how the ruling authority interacted with them, along with the extent to which the poor benefited from their knowledge, culminating in clarifying the importance of magic and sorcery in contrast to medicine, which deprived it of essential scientific factors, giving it a spiritual hue and psychological support that brought people closer to the temple.
The historians- hadith scholars in the first Mamluk era648-784AH/1250-1382AD
The article includes information about the emergence of the science of history among Arab Muslims, and the stages of development of historical documentation from the era preceding the advent of Islam, known technically as the pre-Islamic era, through the Rashidun and Umayyad eras, then the Abbasid era in its various stages until the first Mamluk era 648-784 AH / 1250-1382 AD, and information about the emergence of the sciences of the Noble Prophetic Hadith and the stages of its development during the successive Islamic eras as well, and then it explains the nature of the relationship between these two sciences, and the mutual influences of each on the other science, and sheds light on the most prominent of those who combined these two sciences in the first Mamluk era.
Bird Symbolism in The Pre-Pottery Neolithic in Upper Euphrates and Anatolia
The oldest Neolithic societies in upper Euphrates and Anatolia witnessed an increase in the representation of symbols, especially with their social and economic development, the emergence of monumental architecture, and diverse ritual practices. Ancient man represented most of the animals surrounding him in his environment, especially birds, which had an important symbolic status for him, as they impressed him while flying in the sky and in their ability to pass between land, water, and air. People often saw them as spirits or messengers to and from the spiritual world. Their representations were found in all PPN sites, either like a skeletal remains in which he focused on wings, or in the form of engraved or drawn artistic materials, which confirm that he focused in his representations on birds of prey (eagles), owls, and water birds (cranes). By studying this archaeological evidence, this article will answer questions about the symbolism of birds in the pre-pottery Neolithic what is their ritual status?
The Impact Of Digital Transformation On The Quality Of Heritage Hotel Services"Case Study: Beit Al-Wali Hotel In Old Damascus"
This study aims to determine the role of digital transformation and its impact on the quality of services in heritage hotels and the extent of its application in Beit Al Wali Hotel in Old Damascus. The study discussed the concept of digital transformation, in addition to the quality of hotel services and their characteristics, and the role of digital transformation in hotels and its importance in raising the capabilities of hotel services, as digital transformation has become an essential element in competitiveness between hotels. The survey tool (questionnaire) was used, and a simple random sample of administrative workers in Beit Al Wali Hotel in Damascus from the administrative levels, and 45 valid questionnaires were obtained for analysis, using the statistical analysis program (SPSS) to analyze the data. The study showed some important results that the highest dimension of digital transformation applied in Beit Al Wali Hotel in Damascus is (strategy), as it ranked first with a good level, then came in second place the dimension (infrastructure) with a good level, while the dimension (human resources) ranked third with a good level as well, which indicates the good level of the dimensions of applying digital transformation in Beit Al Wali Hotel in Damascus from the point of view of its employees, and it is important to strive to raise it to a very good level, and that the level of quality of services provided in Beit Al Wali Hotel in Damascus was good From the point of view of its employees.
The Persian-Sasanian and Byzantine influence on the Arab-Islamic civilization in the militarily field in the seventh century AD
The Persian Sasanian and Byzantine civilizations inherited the cultural legacies of their ancestors, so they left what did not suit them, took what suits them, developed it, and added to it until they reached a cultural prosperity that was rarely matched. These two civilizations also cast their shadows on those that came after them, such as the Arab-Islamic civilization, which influenced and was influenced by them in most fields, except that This research was limited to demonstrating that impact in the military field only. This research contains an introductory introduction to its content, followed by an explain to the concept of civilization and its origins, then a review of the most important reasons to the friction of the Arab Islamic state with the Sasanian Persian state and the Byzantine Empire. This was followed by an explanation of what the Islamic civilization had borrowed from the civilization of these two ancient states in the military field through five items. In the end there is a conclusion contains the most important results, and a list of resources.
The Tourism Awareness as a Tool to Activate Cultural Tourism in Syria
Developing tourism awareness is one of the most important pillars that contribute to activating the tourism movement in general، and developing different tourism patterns، and among those patterns is cultural tourism، which contributes to preparing a society that has awareness of the importance of archaeological sites and its cultural heritage، and knowledge of the important economic benefits and job opportunities that benefit members of society. The research aims to shed light on tourism awareness، its importance and components، in addition to the concept of cultural tourism and its importance، and clarifying the relationship between tourism awareness and cultural tourism. Many tourist sites in Syria have been exposed to factors of vandalism and looting due to the weakness and lack of awareness of the local community about the importance of these sites. To measure the tourism awareness of the Syrian community، the descriptive approach was relied upon in an analytical manner to reach the research results. Statistical analysis was used by publishing a questionnaire on Google Drive، and the sample size reached 336. The research results showed the necessity of developing tourism awareness and the necessity of paying attention to cultural tourism due to its role in preserving the cultural heritage of peoples، and that there is an important relationship between the awareness of the local community and the tourist with the importance of tourist sites، and also when awareness is available، it leads to activating the tourism movement in Syria. The research suggests the necessity of continuing the study on establishing a model for tourism awareness in Syria at the local، regional and international levels.