Damascus University Journal for the basic sciences
A specialized periodical peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal, concerned with studies on the field of science and its applications and includes innovative research in mathematics, statistics, physics, chemistry, geology, plant biology, animal biology, ecology, and related applied sciences The Journal of Basic Sciences obtained the international number ISSN: 1726-5487, ISSN:2789-6366(online)
Identification of some coliforms isolated from water in Damascus and its countryside
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances often chemicals or microorganisms contaminate a river, lake, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment, therefore, determining the quality of water and its suitability for human use is an important matter for public health. Our study aims to determine the presence of bacteria that can be transmitted through the water such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella in some areas of Damascus and its countryside to better understanding the nature of the diseases they cause and how to treat and eliminate them. Sixty Water samples were collected over 4 months (September to December 2019) from Damascus and its countryside and samples assessed microbiological quality in viable indicator bacteria. Our results showed that the general coliform count in some areas of Damascus and its countryside ranged between 0 and 71 or 36 CFU/ml of water, respectively. Whereas, the number of bacteria growing on the EMB was between 0 and 13 and which growing on the S-S agar between 0 and 4 CFU/ml of water. Bacterial isolates were identified by biochemical tests and PCR reaction by using primers for conserved genes in genus and species, which were shown to be E. coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella. Our results showed that the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method can be adopted for detecting coliform in water as a rapid and qualitative method compared to traditional methods and biochemical tests, which takes long time and big effort.
Copyright (c) 2025 Damascus University Journal for the basic sciences
The set of all fuzzy subgroups of a group G will be denoted by F(G).Let <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>~</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> be an equivalence relation on F(G). We denote by <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:bar><m:barPr><m:pos m:val="top"/><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:barPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>F(G)</m:r></m:e></m:bar></m:oMath><![endif]--> the set of all equivalence classes by <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>~</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . One of the most important problems in fuzzy group theory is to classify the fuzzy subgroups of a group Therefore, several papers have treated the set <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:bar><m:barPr><m:pos m:val="top"/><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:barPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>F(G)</m:r></m:e></m:bar></m:oMath><![endif]--> for particular case of group. In our paper we have studied this set differently through make it lattice. for this, we mentioned new order relation on <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:bar><m:barPr><m:pos m:val="top"/><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:barPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>F(G)</m:r></m:e></m:bar></m:oMath><![endif]--> and we have proved many theorems like 3.4, 3.8,3.20 and others.
Copyright (c) 2026 Damascus University Journal for the basic sciences
A improving fractional approximation to the Riemann zeta function
In this article, we presented an improvement to a locally uniformly approximation of Riemann zeta function, and we found in the numerical results that the approximation using the adjustment we defined gives a lower error in approximation and velocity in reaching the required results, and the domain of convergence in the method presented in this article is greater. We calculated all numerical results using Wolfram Mathematica 10.0.
Copyright (c) 2020 Damascus University Journal for the basic sciences
Study of the effect of some factors on the stability of doxycycline in aqueous solutions
Administering medications through drinking water is a common and widely applied treatment method for both human and veterinary medications, and it may be the only treatment method for some medications, especially in intensive breeding conditions. Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that is commonly used for treatment in drinking water. Despite the positive aspects of this method of treatment, But it can carry many negatives, which are represented by the influence of many factors affecting the stability of doxycycline in treatment. This research aims to study the effect some factors have on the stability of doxycycline through 24 hours when used it as a water treatment. The effect of temperature, time, light, oxidants (H2O2-NaOCl), pH, and the effect of some cations dissolved in the water (Na+, Cu+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+3, Al+3) on the stability of doxycycline. The change on concentration of doxycycline was measured using ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. Results showed that the antibiotic was affected by the aforementioned factors to different degrees. The most severe were the effects of light, high temperatures, and the presence of cations, especially calcium and magnesium. As for oxidants, they didn’t have any significant effect when used in according to the internationally recommended proportions.
Petrophysical Modelling For Reinterpreting Hydrocarbon Resorvoier of Kurachina Inhydrite Formation in Case of “Jazal Field”
It is very impotent to know the distribution of reservoir and non-reservoir zones in carbonate formations, and determine their petrophysical properties that is necessary to evaluate carbonate reservoir so then we can invest it better. Such study needs to do an accurate analysis and interpretation of the reservoir formations depending on the available data (seismic data and well data). We did in this study full analysis of the well logs that was made in the wells of Jazal field, then we conclude the values of the different petrophysical parameters like: porosity (total, effective, and secondary porosity), clay volume, water and hydrocarbon saturation so we could then follow the variation of these properties vertically in each well After finishing the petrophysical study using ip "interactive petrophysices" We depended on the previous results to suggest petrophysical models using petrel program by distribute calculated parameters n wells on whole field so we could follow the variation of these properties horizontally between the wells
Copyright (c) 2019 Damascus University Journal for the basic sciences
Study of changes in some physiological and biochemical parameters in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases among men and causes many side effects in the lower urinary tract (LUTS). Some of these symptoms can be painful, making life difficult for people with BPH. These symptoms may develop into bigger problems if not treated early, such as urinary tract infections that develop further to cause urinary tract cancers. Many data support the existence of a link between hormonal changes and the occurrence of benign prostatic hyperplasia, so in this article we discussed a number of hormonal and biochemical criteria that many literatures claim are indicators of the occurrence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), namely the concentration of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and alpha-5 enzyme (α-5), and whether these criteria are useful in the early detection of prostate enlargement by comparing the concentrations of these criteria between a control group and a group with BPH. Therefore, our article aimed to link changes in the concentrations of these criteria to the occurrence of BPH and to use these criteria as a qualitative indicator of the occurrence of BPH, by measuring the concentrations of these criteria for individuals in each group separately and then studying the differences in the concentrations of these criteria between the two groups and the extent of their association in the occurrence of benign prostatic hyperplasia, using specific statistical tests, the most important of which are the ANOVA test, Pearson's R correlation coefficient, and the ROC test. The concentrations of the criteria of the individuals of both groups were measured using a special ELISA kit for each criterion separately, and then these results were studied statistically to achieve the aim of the study. These results showed that there were significant differences between the concentrations of the criteria of the individuals of the control group and the individuals of the BPH group, and there was a close relationship between the occurrence of BPH and the studied criteria, and the ROC curve was drawn showing the true positive values ​​and false positive values. These results were discussed and it became clear that these indicators can be used as tools to predict the occurrence of benign prostatic hyperplasia..
Determining the pressure shift coefficient for carbon dioxide absorption line at a specific wavelength
In this work, the effect of pressure on the shift of the carbon dioxide absorption peak exposed to collision at a specific wavelength in the near infrared range was studied using a spectroscopic system based on direct absorption. The graphs expressing the resulting shift as a function of pressure were drawn and the shift coefficients were extracted in three collision cases: self-collision, with nitrogen gas, and with oxygen gas. The results were within expectations and were consistent with the literature.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Zingiber officinale: Their Preventive Effect on Sugar and Lipids Levels in Rats with Experimental Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and complex disease accompanied by a decrease in the quality and duration of life due to long-term complications that cause damage to tissues and organs in the body such as the heart, eyes, and blood vessels. Despite the availability of therapeutic options such as oral hypoglycemic agents, research related to the enormous potential of medicinal plants in developing new drugs and efficiently treating diabetes is significantly increasing due to the high cost and side effects that synthetic drugs may cause, such as acute blood sugar lowering, gastrointestinal discomfort, lactic acidosis, and others. Cinnamomum zeylanicum )Cinnamon( and Zingiber officinale )ginger( are among the plants used in the treatment of diabetes since ancient times due to their richness in bioactive compounds and antioxidants, making them safer therapeutic alternatives. Based on the foregoing, this research aims to study the effect of water extracts of cinnamon, ginger, and a mixture of both on the blood sugar level and some biochemical parameters in experimentally induced diabetic rats using alloxan. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 Wistar rats were induced with diabetes mellitus by being injected of alloxan (150 mg/kg), they were divided into five groups, each consisting of eight rats, the first group served as the natural control, while the second group represented the diabetic control, the third group received a cinnamon aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) treatment, and the fourth group received a ginger aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) treatment, the fifth group was given a combination of cinnamon (300 mg/kg) and ginger (400 mg/kg), the extracts were administered orally to the animals as a single dose in the morning for one month. Blood sugar levels were measured in the different groups on day 0 (start of the experiment), day 15 (midpoint of the experiment), and day 30 (end of the experiment), as well as the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels on day 0 and 30. Results: The treatment of diabetic rats with a mixture of cinnamon and ginger for 30 days showed a highly significant reduction in blood sugar levels p=0.001, and a decrease in the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to the diabetic control group, administration of cinnamon extract alone and ginger alone for 15 days resulted in lower blood glucose levels that were very statistically significant p=0.006, p=0.007 respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that the mixture of cinnamon and ginger has a clear strong effect in reducing the levels of sugar, total cholesterol and triglycerides in experimental diabetic rats compared to using cinnamon or ginger alone, this could be attributed to the interaction between the active compounds in the mixture. However, further research is necessary to determine the effective dose for the best results.
Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Locally Isolated L. tropica in Macrophages to Pentostam (Ex vivo) and Study the Expression of the Resistant Genes Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Locally Isolated L. tropica in Macrophages to Pentostam (Ex vivo) and Study the Expression of the Resistant Genes
Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), an endemic disease in Syria, is mainly caused by Leishmania tropica. Long-term use of pentavalent antimony (Sb(V)) compounds for CL treatment has led to the emergence of locally strains with varying drug sensitivity patterns. This study aimed to evaluate the drug susceptibility of local L. tropica isolates to pentostam and investigate the gene expression of GSH1, MRPA, AQP1, TryR, and PgpA, potential resistant genes. This study was conducted with monocytes isolated from human peripheral blood. These monocytes were then differentiated into macrophages and infected with promastigotes of four local L. tropica isolates (L1-L4). Infected macrophages were treated with three different concentrations of pentostam for 24 hours. Subsequently, the amastigote burden and IC50 values of pentostam were determined for each isolate. Total RNA was extracted from heat-transformed amastigotes and reverse-transcribed into cDNA. Relative gene expression of resistance genes was assessed using RT-qPCR. Our results showed significant differences in IC50 values among the isolates (L3 > L2 > L4 > L1), with a 1.7-fold difference in the inhibitory effect of pentostam between the most resistant (L3) and least resistant (L1) isolates. No significant differences in MRPA and AQP1 expression were observed. Only isolate L3 showed a significant increase in PgpA expression compared to other isolates. All isolates exhibited significant differences in GSH1 expression except for the L1/L4 pair. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.98) was found between GSH1 expression and IC50 values. Significant differences in TryR expression were also observed among the isolates, except for the L1/L4 and L2/L4 pairs. Increased TryR expression was associated with higher IC50 values. This study demonstrates that local L. tropica isolates exhibit varying degrees of susceptibility to antimony pentavalent compounds, associated with differential gene expression, particularly upregulation of GSH1 and TryR in more resistant isolates. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of PgpA overexpression. These findings provide valuable insights into drug resistance dynamics in CL and highlight the need for developing targeted therapies against local isolate-specific resistance mechanisms.
Myxobacteria from Syrian soil, Morphology and Biochemical test
Myxobacteria belong to Eubacterial predators that feed on other bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. They secrete a wide range of secondary metabolites, antibiotics, and hydrolytic enzymes that they use to eliminate prey. They can be found in different types of soils, and these bacteria are characterized by their mobility. They glide on solid surfaces and form fruiting bodies containing resistant myxospores, which ensures the survival of these spores in unfavorable conditions. Through this study, Myxobacteria were isolated for the first time in Syria from soil samples collected from Yaafour and Jdaidet Artouz areas, grown on VY/2 medium, characterized morphologically and biochemically, and studied under the microscope. The soil samples collected from Yafour and Jdeidet Artouz were characterized as alkaline (pH 7.8) (pH 8) respectively. Accordingly, the properties of the alkaline environment were utilized as they may support much more new unidentified species of Myxobacteria. Regarding biochemical tests, these bacteria showed positive results in each of the tests (mobility - catalase urea, starch, nitrates, release of hydrogen sulfur gas, and gelatin decomposition). As for the morphological aspect, the spore cells are characterized by having a rod-like shape and a short, rounded end. Using malachite green, the spores appeared in the form of spherical clusters, these characteristics are possessed by most types of Myxobacteria. This study shows the necessity of using different methods for isolation, such as (WCX - filter papers) methods, adding wet parts of soil to the isolation media, and the importance of adding the antibiotic Cycloheximide after sterilization. It was observed after varying periods of incubation that the use of filter paper methods was more effective in isolating Myxobacteria spores than the WCX methods. This may be due to the presence of cellulose-degrading Myxobacteria strains in the soil of Yafour more than the strains of bacteria-degrading Myxobacteria in the soil of Jdeidet Artouz, traditional isolation methods such as WCX and filter paper methods may have their own limitations, they may be suitable for some but not all types of Myxobacteria. In addition, Myxobacteria are affected by the physical and chemical properties of the soil, so these factors play an important role in the emergence and isolation of Myxobacteria.
Study comparing decoding algorithms for low-density parity-check codes
In the world of telecommunications and data transmission, encoding plays a vital role in ensuring the safety and understanding of transmitted data. Encoding also allows for data to be converted into a more understandable form and to be kept safe during transmission. There are different types of codes used in various contexts, including Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes, which provide an innovative and efficient solution for improving the quality and security of digital communications, making them an essential part of error correction and modern communication techniques. In the world of telecommunications and data transmission, encoding plays a vital role in ensuring the safety and understanding of transmitted data. Encoding also allows data to be converted into a more understandable form and to be kept safe during transmission. There are different types of codes used in various contexts, including Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes, which provide an innovative and efficient solution for improving the quality and security of digital communications, making them an essential part of error correction and modern communication techniques. They are used in advanced communication standards such as Wi-Fi and 5G to improve the speed and stability of connections. This research aims to clarify the most important comparison criteria between two decoding algorithms for LDPC codes, using the Bit Flipping (BF) and Belief Propagation (BP) methods. These criteria include error correction, encoding channel, performance, and memory usage.
Ghussoun Ahmed Abdul Alkarim Al-Jeiroudi
Preparation of nanocomposite film of graphene oxide and Prussian blue via layer-by-layer assembly and investigation of capacitive properties
A multilayer -up to eight- nanocomposite film of Graphene Oxide and Prussian Blue was prepared in a layer-by-layer assembly. The development of layers was monitored via UV-Vis spectrometry and the film's structure was studied with the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and the morphology of the film was characterized by atomic force microscope. The electrochemical performance and specific capacity of the film was studied in cyclic voltammetry, and Galvanic charging/discharge technics. The resistance of the electrode /electrolyte interface was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical analysis confirmed that the multi-layer by layer film illustrated mixed behavior batteries and capacity called “CAPATTERY”. And much-improved specific capacitance of 254.4 F/g at 1A/g current density and superior stability of 98.1% of its initial value after 1000 cycles.
The Geological Setting and Geoelectrical Characteristics of Clay Deposits in the Jdeidet Yabus area
The clay deposits are of significant economic and industrial importance. Geoelectrical studies have proven their effectiveness in studying such deposits, especially in drawing geological sections and comparing them, as well as in determining the electrical properties of the clay formations. A detailed electrical study was conducted on the clay quarries of Jdeidet Yabous, which belong to the Lower Cretaceous age, with the aim of clarifying the geological structure of the area and comparing the studied quarries. We relied on quantitative interpretation to determine the vertical thickness of these layers and then compare them. The results of the quantitative interpretation of the vertical boreholes were entered into the Star ves program to calculate the coordinates of the heterogeneity points, which are often located on fault zones and stratification surfaces, with the aim of identifying structural changes. As a result of this study, the geological section that illustrates the general structure of the studied area was drawn.
Preparation of a TiO2 nano photocatalyst, doped with silver on a stainless-steel substrate (Ag-TiO2/SS304), and applying it for degradation of the Acid dye (Red131) using photo electrocatalytic technology.
Research efforts aimed to find an effective technology for degradation of pollutants from water, the most important one is photo electrocatalytic (PEC) technique, which is considered as a promising technology for removing a wide range of pollutants (organic, inorganic, biological), and also plays an effective role in reducing the concentration of CO2 gas, in producing electricity, and in the generation of hydrogen from the dissociation of water. In this research, we synthesized a nano-photocatalysts of TiO2, as well as nano-photocatalysts doped with silver (Ag-TiO2) with different weight percentages, by using the Sol-Gel method on glass substrate to reduce the value of the energy gap. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized using molecular absorption spectroscopy for UV absorption and reflectance spectra. They were also described morphologically using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The best weight percentage of silver was chosen and characterized by FT-IR. SS304 stainless steel was used as a substrate to stabilize the prepared catalyst for both the undoped (TiO2/SS304) photoanode and the doped photoanode (Ag-TiO2/SS304), due to its abundance and low cost. The photocatalytic efficiency of the photoanode prepared under UV rays was estimated by studying the degradation of the dye (Acid red 131), as it is a typical organic pollutant. The doped anode gave a higher removal rate compared to the undoped anode. In addition, the results of the study showed that the kinetics of the photoelectrocatalytic degradation reaction of the studied dye (Acid red 131) for both the prepared anodes were first-order, where the value of the dye’s rate constant using the doped anode was higher than that of using the undoped anode.
Chemical composition of clove fruits essential oil and its antibacterial effects
The essential oil of the clove fruits was extracted by distilled water, and the percentage was determined, which was equal to 15.5% of the weight of the dry fruits. The main components of essential oil of the clove fruits (eugenol, caryophyllene, eugenol acetate and alpha-humelene) were identified qualitatively and quantitatively using gas chromatography GC by comparison with pure standards. The eugenol being the main component (81.3% w/w). The antibacterial activity of clove fruits essential oil was evaluated and studied against multi drug resistance bacterial strains (MDR) clinically isolated (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonsa aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumonia ,staphylococcus aureus). The clove fruit essential oil demonstrated a good antibacterial activity on solid medium with concentration between (25-100)%. Also, the antibacterial activity was determined on a liquid medium by calculating the minimal inhibitory concentration of the clove fruit essential oil against MDR clinically isolated strains (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonsa aeruginosa, streptococcus pneumonia, staphylococcus aureus) and were (6.25 μl/ml ، 25μl/ml، 6.25μl/ml, 6.25μl/ml ) respectively. The obtained results demonstrated a significant effect of clove fruit essential oil against MDR clinically isolated bacteria. More results are needed to evaluate the activity of clove fruit essential oil against other microorganisms, cytotoxic effect and the in vivo effective dose.
Study of some physical and chemical properties of biodiesel from S. fluviatilis
The biomass of S. fluviatilis was collected from Ghouta Damascus in the Damascus countryside governorate. Extraction was carried out with hexane solvent, acid esterification and transesterification were carried out to obtain biodiesel. Some physical and chemical properties of biodiesel were studied, as the acidity value reached 0.914 ± 0.13 mg KOH. g-1, saponification value 176.35±8.3 mg KOH. g-1, ester value 174.106 mg KOH. g-1 and iodine value 69.31 ± 0.97 g I2. 100 g-1, the results of gas chromatography GC-MS showed that the extract of S. fluviatilis consists of the following fatty acids: Tetradecanoic acid (Myristic), Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic), Heptadecenoic acid (Margaric), cis-9-Octadecenoic acid (Oleic acid, Eicosenoic (Arachidic) acid, Docosanoic (Behenic) acid and Tetracosanoic (Lignoceric) acid, as the concentration of palmitic acid was 34.28%, which is the highest among other acids, followed by alpha-linoleic acid 23.03%, linoleic acid 16.37%, and then oleic acid 12.29%.
Detection of the plasmid-borne of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in E. coli isolates from some Damascus University's hospital wastewater
The type of beta lactamases was determined in Escherichia coli isolates from waste water of some of Damascus University's hospitals. Plasmids were extracted using the boiling method and the alkaline method. Results showed that boiling method is the most convenient method for plasmid extraction. Plasmid curing was carried out by applying two methods; the first was by incubation at 42 Cº and subculturing 8-10 times, the second method was by adding SDS concentration of 1.25%, 2.5% and 5%. The best curing result was obtained using the subculturing method at 42Co. Two types of enzyme inhibitors (Clavulanic acid and sulbactam) were used to determine the type of the beta lactamase produced by the studied isolates. DNA primers used in this study belonged to two different groups (SHV and CTX) to determine the group to which enzymes belong. Results obtained showed that ESBLS of class A belonging to group CTX appeared to be most frequent among the studied isolates
Preparation and characterization of Poly(p-Aminophenol) in an acidic medium and Study of Its Kinetics and Thermal stability
Conducting polymers are used in many industrial applications due to their important electrical conductivity properties. This study aims to prepare the poly (p-Aminophenol) preparation at laboratory temperature in an acidic medium, in the presence of ammonium pyrosulfate as an oxidant. The resulting polymer was characterized using (FTIR), and it was noted that the (NH) band appeared, which indicates that the polymerization reaction occurred through (NH2) that is present in (p-Aminophenol). The morphological properties of poly (p-Aminophenol) were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The polymer sample showed a rough surface with particles of microscopic dimensions. The thermal stability of poly (p-Aminophenol) was analyzed using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). It was found to consist of three dissociation steps. The peak temperature at each disintegration step was determined using a Differential Thermogravimetric curve (DTG). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) of the prepared polymer were performed. It was found that the polymer does not have any melting or glass transition point and disintegrates before melting. A spectroscopic study of the polymer was conducted using a Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometer in the visible field (Vis). It was found that the maximum absorption peak for polymer solutions is located at (λmax=550nm), and the value of the molecular absorption coefficient was calculated and was equal to (60.7 L.cm-1.mol-1). This research also studies the formation kinetics of the polymer. It found that the polymerization reaction of poly (p-Aminophenol) was a first-order reaction and its velocity constant was (1.79x10-4 Sec-1).
Effect of Adding Brewers’ Spent Grains to The Substrate of Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus florida on its Productivity and Quality
This research was aimed to study the effect of adding four concentrations (5, 10,15 and 30%) Brewers’ Spent Grains to oyster mushroom substrate (wheat straw) on productivity and quality of Pleurotus florida. The productivity indicators (yield and biological efficiency) and chemical content (the percentage of protein, total phenols, antioxidant activity (DPPH%) were recorded. The results shown that most of the concentrations of Brewers’ Spent Grains increased productivity and biological efficiency, but high concentrations 30% caused the death of mycelium. However, treatment 15% of Brewers’ Spent Grains was the best compared to the control and other treatments, which increased both productivity (407.03 g/kg wet substrate) and biological efficiency (116.63%). Moreover, adding Brewers’ Spent Grains to the substrate increased the nutritional value of oyster mushroom. Protein and antioxidant activity were the highest at 15% of Brewers’ Spent Grains (32.40 % of dry matter and 63.54 DPPH%). As the result, we recommend that the addition of Brewers’ Spent Grains used in this research has a positive effect on the production and nutritional value of oyster mushrooms on the one hand and for safe disposal of it on the other, thus mushroom farmers can be advised to use it.
The Integration of Inorganic and Organic Geochemistry as a Powerful Approach for Evaluating the Generative Potential and Thermal Maturity of the Organic Matter from Lower Triassic Deposits.Case Study: Al-Fayd - Abu Rabah - Al-Sharifa – Tiyas.
A comprehensive geochemical analysis of the Lower Triassic deposits was carried out along a section in the Al-Du Basin in central Syria. The section consisted of four fields: Al-Fayd, Abu Rabah, Al-Sharifa, and Tiyas. The evaluation of the deposits was based on ROCK EVAL parameters, which revealed that they contain a significant amount of organic carbon and belong to the kerogen of Type II. These deposits correspond a transitional zone between the oil and gas windows. Subsequently, a bitumen extraction process was conducted to study its quantitative (hydrocarbon potential and generating capacity) and qualitative (maturity) changes. The results from the ROCK EVAL and extraction tests indicated that the thermal maturity of the organic matter increases from the Al-Fayd field in the southwest to the Tiyas field in the northeast. Furthermore, a separate investigation was conducted to analyze the trace element content and its behavior in each field of the study section. The findings demonstrated the shared geochemical deposition conditions for both the rock and the organic matter, in addition, an increase in the content of rock deposits and organic matter trace elements with decreasing maturity, highlighting their significance and reliability as parameters for determining the relative maturity of organic matter.
Evaluation the Effect of Adding Citrus Juice Residue to The Substrate on Productivity and Quality of Cultivated Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus florida
This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of adding citrus juice residue at four concentrations (10, 20,30 and 40%) to oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida substrate (wheat straw) on its productivity and quality. The productivity indicators (yield and biological efficiency) and chemical content (the per centage of protein, total phenols, antioxidant activity (DPPH%)) were studied. The results shown that most of the concentrations of citrus residue increased productivity and biological efficiency, but high concentrations 40% caused the death of mycelium. However, treatment 30 % of citrus juice residue was the best compared to the control and other treatments, which increased both productivity (448.68 g/kg wet substrate) and biological efficiency (136.02%). Moreover, the citrus juice residue increased the nutritional value of oyster mushroom. Protein and antioxidant activity were the highest at 30% of citrus juice residue (25.49 % of dry matter and 66.22 DPPH%). In conclusion, mushroom farmers can be advised to add 30% of citrus juice residue to the mushroom substrate due to its positive effect on the production and nutritional value of oyster mushrooms on the one hand and for safe disposal of it on the other.
Cultivation of Helicobacter Pylori germ isolated from stomach biopsies and confirmation by biochemical tests
Samples of stomach tissue biopsies taken from the stomach were collected from patients suspected of having helioplastic germ at Al-Kindi Hospital (Damascus).102 tissue biopsies samples were collected during the period between January and October 2023 of the same year, they were kept within the specific and nutritious transmitting medium (Brain and Heart Broth), then transferred to germ laboratory in Children's Hospital (Damascus). Biopsies were crushed by mortar with sterile sea sand and developed in several mediums (Coloumbia Blood Agar-Blood Agar-EMB-Brain and Heart Agar). The transfer medium was optimal for biopsy transfer and retention, and Central Colombia Aagar (to which blood and nutritional supplements were added) was the best selective medium for optimal growth. Positive and negative samples were 78 and 24 respectively. Patients ages ranged between 16 -74 years, they included males and females. Positive samples were proven by a range of biochemical reactions such as oxidase reaction, catalase, rapid urease and gram dye procedure. Tissue sections were performed in the pathological anatomy department to compare anatomical and biochemical results. Germ's positivity was confirmed by a modified fluorescence calibration test (I CHROMA II). These results underscore the importance of conducting an allergic transplant of Helicobacter pylori germ, so that various researches could be carried out. This research also showed that the urease enzyme test and pathological anatomy were highly sensitive for germ detection.
Preparation of ceramic Nano-composites and their use in radioactive materials storage and shielding
The possibility of preparation ceramic nano-composites as well as their shielding properties was studied. The results showed a significant effect of the components used on the variation of the mechanical properties of the ceramic composite. Ceramic composites prepared with different proportions of metallic elements (W, Pb, and Ba) were used to attenuate gamma and X-rays. The results showed a significant decrease in the values of the half-value layer with increasing the amount of additives, more effectively in the case of Ba and Pb. In addition, results showed the ability of ceramic samples to retain radon gas, which makes them suitable and effective in the storage of radioactive materials, especially those that emit radon gas.
Studying the rheological properties in the molten state of blends based on PLA/ABS and determining their mechanical properties
A blend of PLA/ABS in ratios of (10/90,50/50) was prepared in a molten state using a single-screw extruder machine. The rheological properties were studied under various temperatures and high shear stresses using a capillary rheometer, the apparent shear stress transformations were plotted against the apparent shear rate at different temperatures (190, 200, 210, 220)0C, the flow index values (n) for the studied blend were determined, indicating that the plastic blend (n<1) belongs to a similar family of plastics. The Baekle curves were studied by analyzing the pressure transformations (P) with respect to the relative L/R ratio.and The Baekle correction value (e) was determined Using this data the true viscosity (η) was estimated, showing that the true viscosity decreases with increasing shear stress and high true shear rate values. The mechanical properties of the blend were evaluated using a tensile testing machine. and the stress at break, yield stress, and Young’s modulus, were determined. It was observed that the stress at break increased with an increase in the proportion of ABS in the blend, while the Young’s modulus initially decrease and then starts to increase with an increase in the ABS ratio.
A New Integral Transform “The Modified Natural Transform”, Its Properties and Applications
In this manuscript, we propose a new integral transform called the Modified Natural Transform. This transform can be considered as a base for several potential new integral transforms. Many fundamental properties about this new integral transform were created in this work. These properties include, for example, the existence theorem, the Modified Natural Transform of Derivatives theorem, convolution theorem, and inverse Modified Natural Transform. The main advantage of this new technique is its ability to solve differential equations with variable and constant coefficients. To demonstrate the efficiency and utility of the presented transform for solving differential equations, several examples are provided.
Solving the first-kind Convolution Type Volterra Integro-Differential Equation using the Modified Natural Transform
These equations arise in scenarios like glass formation processes, diffusion problems, radiation transfer, cell growth, and satellite motion description. This study introduces the Modified Natural Transform as a tool for solving Volterra integro-differential equations of the convolution type. The authors applied this method to solve numerical problems, demonstrating its efficacy and providing a comprehensive methodology. The results indicate that the Modified Natural Transform is highly effective for addressing convolution-type Volterra integro-differential equations of the first kind.
A Study to Find the Continuous Edge Chromatic Number and Coloring Algorithm for Graphs P
It is well known that the matter of Graph colouring using the least number of colours is considered a complex Problem from the NP class, and it is summarized in how to colour the vertices of a Graph using the least number of colours, where no two adjacent vertices are assigned the same colour, or how the edges of a graph are coloured using the least number of colours where no two adjacent edges are assigned the same colour. the matter of obtaining continuous Edge colouring emerged because colouring edges does not always present the proper colouring that represents the solution to a certain problem. this matter was taken from an open matter that was not previously worked on [1]. Since the Continuous Edge Chromatic matter is an open matter, and to pursue the academic research in this field, we presented in this research paper a new study that includes the study of colouring for Graphs P . First, we produced graphs P using the Cartesian product of the two paths and , then, we studied colouring these Graphs starting with the continuous Edge colouring. Our study covers three cases according to the order of the Graphs and . Each case involves setting the algorithm of optimal continuous Edge colouring and finding the general formula of continuous Edge chromatic number precisely and viewing some explanatory examples as well as proving the possibility of applying the continuous Edge colouring to Graphs P . Then, we concluded findings, through which, we can classify these graphs in terms of its probability to continuous Edge colouring directly, let alone find the general formula of continuous Edge chromatic number for Graphs P in general according to its order nm. Then we moved to study colouring the edges where we concluded the chromatic number needed to colour the edges, as well as colouring the vertices as we suggested colouring algorithm and we managed to find the required the chromatic number needed to colour the vertices, and we concluded the research with some explanatory examples. In this case we had a comprehensive study that includes the application of all types of colouring on graphs P .
Study of the morphological and anatomical characteristics of Papaver L. species (Papaver hybridum, Papaver rhoeas, Papaver dubium, Papaver polytrichum, Papaver umbonatum, Papaver syriacum) widespread in different Syrian environments
This study included the morphological characteristics (shoots - flowers - leaves - fruit) and anatomical characteristics (stem - Trichomes) in descriptive and standard terms for the six species: Papaver rhoeas, Papaver dubium L., Papaver hybridum L., Papaver polytrichum B., Papaver umbonatum B., Papaver syriacum from the Papaver sp. in the areas of (Damascus - - Deir Attiya - Al-Suwayda). Then compare the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the six species at the descriptive and standard levels and study the extent to which these characteristics are statistically significant. The study also included an emphasis on the extent of stability or change in the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the studied species to determine the most important taxonomic criterion for wild Papaver sp. species in Syria. This study showed that the regions (Damascus - Deir Attiya) are characterized by a large spread of the species Papaver rhoeas, Papaver dubium, Papaver hybridum, Papaver polytrichum, and Papaver umbonatum, while the large spread of the species Papaver syriacum was observed in As-Suwayda (Salkhad - Al-Mashqoud). In terms of descriptive morphological characteristics, the studied species were distinguished by a set of distinctive characteristics for each species in terms of general shape. (shoots - flowers - fruits), and at the anatomical level, the species showed great similarity in terms of the general structure of the stem and the types of the Trichomes. The studied species were also characterized by the presence of a group of variable characteristics, which therefore cannot be relied upon as a classification criterion, while the fruit was the basic and first criterion in classifying and distinguishing the studied papaver sp, based on the results of this study.
Viscosity and Prediction of Melt Flow Curves for Polycarbonate (PC) and Polyacrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS): PC/ABS (30/70) and PC/ABS (60/40 mass ratio)
A study was conducted on a type of polymer blends based on polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in the molten state under the influence of shear stresses, shear rate, and temperature. Through the aforementioned transformations, a technique of Prediction curves was performed to determine the possibility of knowing the displacement and structure of flow curves and viscosity along the shear axis and viscosity by selecting a specific reference value for the shear rate γa (ref) and its ratio to the experimental shear rate γa (T) Then, the slip coefficient αT was determined, resulting in a main composition curve where the curves converge. This technique helps in determining the expected production conditions to be applied in various fields..
Modified Reed-Muller Codes for Multiple Error Correction Approach
Reed-Muller codes (RM for shorten), are very popular in the domains of electrical engineering and computer science. Their versatility makes them essential, especially in the area of wireless communication. Within the context of 5G mobile networks, Reed-Muller codes contribute significantly to optimizing data transmission efficiency and reliability. Moreover, these codes play a crucial role in deep-space communication. Thus, the decoding of RM codes still attracts the researchers till now. This paper aims to decode these codes, by providing a modification to binary RM codes. The resulting code allows us to correct the receiving word twice: The first correction approach: The modified code yields an easily compute parity check matrix, which is used to correct errors in the received word. The second correction approach: after we correcting the errors with the previous approach, the word will become much closer to the sent word, and now the majority logic technique will be much more useful.