Damascus University Journal for the basic sciences
A specialized periodical peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal, concerned with studies on the field of science and its applications and includes innovative research in mathematics, statistics, physics, chemistry, geology, plant biology, animal biology, ecology, and related applied sciences The Journal of Basic Sciences obtained the international number ISSN: 1726-5487, ISSN:2789-6366(online)
Identification of some coliforms isolated from water in Damascus and its countryside
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances often chemicals or microorganisms contaminate a river, lake, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment, therefore, determining the quality of water and its suitability for human use is an important matter for public health. Our study aims to determine the presence of bacteria that can be transmitted through the water such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella in some areas of Damascus and its countryside to better understanding the nature of the diseases they cause and how to treat and eliminate them. Sixty Water samples were collected over 4 months (September to December 2019) from Damascus and its countryside and samples assessed microbiological quality in viable indicator bacteria. Our results showed that the general coliform count in some areas of Damascus and its countryside ranged between 0 and 71 or 36 CFU/ml of water, respectively. Whereas, the number of bacteria growing on the EMB was between 0 and 13 and which growing on the S-S agar between 0 and 4 CFU/ml of water. Bacterial isolates were identified by biochemical tests and PCR reaction by using primers for conserved genes in genus and species, which were shown to be E. coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella. Our results showed that the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method can be adopted for detecting coliform in water as a rapid and qualitative method compared to traditional methods and biochemical tests, which takes long time and big effort.
Copyright (c) 2025 Damascus University Journal for the basic sciences
A improving fractional approximation to the Riemann zeta function
In this article, we presented an improvement to a locally uniformly approximation of Riemann zeta function, and we found in the numerical results that the approximation using the adjustment we defined gives a lower error in approximation and velocity in reaching the required results, and the domain of convergence in the method presented in this article is greater. We calculated all numerical results using Wolfram Mathematica 10.0.
Copyright (c) 2020 Damascus University Journal for the basic sciences
Study of the effect of some factors on the stability of doxycycline in aqueous solutions
Administering medications through drinking water is a common and widely applied treatment method for both human and veterinary medications, and it may be the only treatment method for some medications, especially in intensive breeding conditions. Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that is commonly used for treatment in drinking water. Despite the positive aspects of this method of treatment, But it can carry many negatives, which are represented by the influence of many factors affecting the stability of doxycycline in treatment. This research aims to study the effect some factors have on the stability of doxycycline through 24 hours when used it as a water treatment. The effect of temperature, time, light, oxidants (H2O2-NaOCl), pH, and the effect of some cations dissolved in the water (Na+, Cu+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+3, Al+3) on the stability of doxycycline. The change on concentration of doxycycline was measured using ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. Results showed that the antibiotic was affected by the aforementioned factors to different degrees. The most severe were the effects of light, high temperatures, and the presence of cations, especially calcium and magnesium. As for oxidants, they didn’t have any significant effect when used in according to the internationally recommended proportions.
Petrophysical Modelling For Reinterpreting Hydrocarbon Resorvoier of Kurachina Inhydrite Formation in Case of “Jazal Field”
It is very impotent to know the distribution of reservoir and non-reservoir zones in carbonate formations, and determine their petrophysical properties that is necessary to evaluate carbonate reservoir so then we can invest it better. Such study needs to do an accurate analysis and interpretation of the reservoir formations depending on the available data (seismic data and well data). We did in this study full analysis of the well logs that was made in the wells of Jazal field, then we conclude the values of the different petrophysical parameters like: porosity (total, effective, and secondary porosity), clay volume, water and hydrocarbon saturation so we could then follow the variation of these properties vertically in each well After finishing the petrophysical study using ip "interactive petrophysices" We depended on the previous results to suggest petrophysical models using petrel program by distribute calculated parameters n wells on whole field so we could follow the variation of these properties horizontally between the wells
Copyright (c) 2019 Damascus University Journal for the basic sciences
Study of changes in some physiological and biochemical parameters in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases among men and causes many side effects in the lower urinary tract (LUTS). Some of these symptoms can be painful, making life difficult for people with BPH. These symptoms may develop into bigger problems if not treated early, such as urinary tract infections that develop further to cause urinary tract cancers. Many data support the existence of a link between hormonal changes and the occurrence of benign prostatic hyperplasia, so in this article we discussed a number of hormonal and biochemical criteria that many literatures claim are indicators of the occurrence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), namely the concentration of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and alpha-5 enzyme (α-5), and whether these criteria are useful in the early detection of prostate enlargement by comparing the concentrations of these criteria between a control group and a group with BPH. Therefore, our article aimed to link changes in the concentrations of these criteria to the occurrence of BPH and to use these criteria as a qualitative indicator of the occurrence of BPH, by measuring the concentrations of these criteria for individuals in each group separately and then studying the differences in the concentrations of these criteria between the two groups and the extent of their association in the occurrence of benign prostatic hyperplasia, using specific statistical tests, the most important of which are the ANOVA test, Pearson's R correlation coefficient, and the ROC test. The concentrations of the criteria of the individuals of both groups were measured using a special ELISA kit for each criterion separately, and then these results were studied statistically to achieve the aim of the study. These results showed that there were significant differences between the concentrations of the criteria of the individuals of the control group and the individuals of the BPH group, and there was a close relationship between the occurrence of BPH and the studied criteria, and the ROC curve was drawn showing the true positive values ​​and false positive values. These results were discussed and it became clear that these indicators can be used as tools to predict the occurrence of benign prostatic hyperplasia..
Copyright (c) 2026 Damascus University Journal for the basic sciences
Determining the pressure shift coefficient for carbon dioxide absorption line at a specific wavelength
In this work, the effect of pressure on the shift of the carbon dioxide absorption peak exposed to collision at a specific wavelength in the near infrared range was studied using a spectroscopic system based on direct absorption. The graphs expressing the resulting shift as a function of pressure were drawn and the shift coefficients were extracted in three collision cases: self-collision, with nitrogen gas, and with oxygen gas. The results were within expectations and were consistent with the literature.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Zingiber officinale: Their Preventive Effect on Sugar and Lipids Levels in Rats with Experimental Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and complex disease accompanied by a decrease in the quality and duration of life due to long-term complications that cause damage to tissues and organs in the body such as the heart, eyes, and blood vessels. Despite the availability of therapeutic options such as oral hypoglycemic agents, research related to the enormous potential of medicinal plants in developing new drugs and efficiently treating diabetes is significantly increasing due to the high cost and side effects that synthetic drugs may cause, such as acute blood sugar lowering, gastrointestinal discomfort, lactic acidosis, and others. Cinnamomum zeylanicum )Cinnamon( and Zingiber officinale )ginger( are among the plants used in the treatment of diabetes since ancient times due to their richness in bioactive compounds and antioxidants, making them safer therapeutic alternatives. Based on the foregoing, this research aims to study the effect of water extracts of cinnamon, ginger, and a mixture of both on the blood sugar level and some biochemical parameters in experimentally induced diabetic rats using alloxan. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 Wistar rats were induced with diabetes mellitus by being injected of alloxan (150 mg/kg), they were divided into five groups, each consisting of eight rats, the first group served as the natural control, while the second group represented the diabetic control, the third group received a cinnamon aqueous extract (300 mg/kg) treatment, and the fourth group received a ginger aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) treatment, the fifth group was given a combination of cinnamon (300 mg/kg) and ginger (400 mg/kg), the extracts were administered orally to the animals as a single dose in the morning for one month. Blood sugar levels were measured in the different groups on day 0 (start of the experiment), day 15 (midpoint of the experiment), and day 30 (end of the experiment), as well as the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels on day 0 and 30. Results: The treatment of diabetic rats with a mixture of cinnamon and ginger for 30 days showed a highly significant reduction in blood sugar levels p=0.001, and a decrease in the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to the diabetic control group, administration of cinnamon extract alone and ginger alone for 15 days resulted in lower blood glucose levels that were very statistically significant p=0.006, p=0.007 respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that the mixture of cinnamon and ginger has a clear strong effect in reducing the levels of sugar, total cholesterol and triglycerides in experimental diabetic rats compared to using cinnamon or ginger alone, this could be attributed to the interaction between the active compounds in the mixture. However, further research is necessary to determine the effective dose for the best results.
Preparation of a TiO2 nano photocatalyst, doped with silver on a stainless-steel substrate (Ag-TiO2/SS304), and applying it for degradation of the Acid dye (Red131) using photo electrocatalytic technology.
Research efforts aimed to find an effective technology for degradation of pollutants from water, the most important one is photo electrocatalytic (PEC) technique, which is considered as a promising technology for removing a wide range of pollutants (organic, inorganic, biological), and also plays an effective role in reducing the concentration of CO2 gas, in producing electricity, and in the generation of hydrogen from the dissociation of water. In this research, we synthesized a nano-photocatalysts of TiO2, as well as nano-photocatalysts doped with silver (Ag-TiO2) with different weight percentages, by using the Sol-Gel method on glass substrate to reduce the value of the energy gap. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized using molecular absorption spectroscopy for UV absorption and reflectance spectra. They were also described morphologically using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The best weight percentage of silver was chosen and characterized by FT-IR. SS304 stainless steel was used as a substrate to stabilize the prepared catalyst for both the undoped (TiO2/SS304) photoanode and the doped photoanode (Ag-TiO2/SS304), due to its abundance and low cost. The photocatalytic efficiency of the photoanode prepared under UV rays was estimated by studying the degradation of the dye (Acid red 131), as it is a typical organic pollutant. The doped anode gave a higher removal rate compared to the undoped anode. In addition, the results of the study showed that the kinetics of the photoelectrocatalytic degradation reaction of the studied dye (Acid red 131) for both the prepared anodes were first-order, where the value of the dye’s rate constant using the doped anode was higher than that of using the undoped anode.
Chemical composition of clove fruits essential oil and its antibacterial effects
The essential oil of the clove fruits was extracted by distilled water, and the percentage was determined, which was equal to 15.5% of the weight of the dry fruits. The main components of essential oil of the clove fruits (eugenol, caryophyllene, eugenol acetate and alpha-humelene) were identified qualitatively and quantitatively using gas chromatography GC by comparison with pure standards. The eugenol being the main component (81.3% w/w). The antibacterial activity of clove fruits essential oil was evaluated and studied against multi drug resistance bacterial strains (MDR) clinically isolated (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonsa aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumonia ,staphylococcus aureus). The clove fruit essential oil demonstrated a good antibacterial activity on solid medium with concentration between (25-100)%. Also, the antibacterial activity was determined on a liquid medium by calculating the minimal inhibitory concentration of the clove fruit essential oil against MDR clinically isolated strains (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonsa aeruginosa, streptococcus pneumonia, staphylococcus aureus) and were (6.25 μl/ml ، 25μl/ml، 6.25μl/ml, 6.25μl/ml ) respectively. The obtained results demonstrated a significant effect of clove fruit essential oil against MDR clinically isolated bacteria. More results are needed to evaluate the activity of clove fruit essential oil against other microorganisms, cytotoxic effect and the in vivo effective dose.
Study of some physical and chemical properties of biodiesel from S. fluviatilis
The biomass of S. fluviatilis was collected from Ghouta Damascus in the Damascus countryside governorate. Extraction was carried out with hexane solvent, acid esterification and transesterification were carried out to obtain biodiesel. Some physical and chemical properties of biodiesel were studied, as the acidity value reached 0.914 ± 0.13 mg KOH. g-1, saponification value 176.35±8.3 mg KOH. g-1, ester value 174.106 mg KOH. g-1 and iodine value 69.31 ± 0.97 g I2. 100 g-1, the results of gas chromatography GC-MS showed that the extract of S. fluviatilis consists of the following fatty acids: Tetradecanoic acid (Myristic), Hexadecanoic acid (Palmitic), Heptadecenoic acid (Margaric), cis-9-Octadecenoic acid (Oleic acid, Eicosenoic (Arachidic) acid, Docosanoic (Behenic) acid and Tetracosanoic (Lignoceric) acid, as the concentration of palmitic acid was 34.28%, which is the highest among other acids, followed by alpha-linoleic acid 23.03%, linoleic acid 16.37%, and then oleic acid 12.29%.
Detection of the plasmid-borne of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in E. coli isolates from some Damascus University's hospital wastewater
The type of beta lactamases was determined in Escherichia coli isolates from waste water of some of Damascus University's hospitals. Plasmids were extracted using the boiling method and the alkaline method. Results showed that boiling method is the most convenient method for plasmid extraction. Plasmid curing was carried out by applying two methods; the first was by incubation at 42 Cº and subculturing 8-10 times, the second method was by adding SDS concentration of 1.25%, 2.5% and 5%. The best curing result was obtained using the subculturing method at 42Co. Two types of enzyme inhibitors (Clavulanic acid and sulbactam) were used to determine the type of the beta lactamase produced by the studied isolates. DNA primers used in this study belonged to two different groups (SHV and CTX) to determine the group to which enzymes belong. Results obtained showed that ESBLS of class A belonging to group CTX appeared to be most frequent among the studied isolates
Preparation and characterization of Poly(p-Aminophenol) in an acidic medium and Study of Its Kinetics and Thermal stability
Conducting polymers are used in many industrial applications due to their important electrical conductivity properties. This study aims to prepare the poly (p-Aminophenol) preparation at laboratory temperature in an acidic medium, in the presence of ammonium pyrosulfate as an oxidant. The resulting polymer was characterized using (FTIR), and it was noted that the (NH) band appeared, which indicates that the polymerization reaction occurred through (NH2) that is present in (p-Aminophenol). The morphological properties of poly (p-Aminophenol) were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The polymer sample showed a rough surface with particles of microscopic dimensions. The thermal stability of poly (p-Aminophenol) was analyzed using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). It was found to consist of three dissociation steps. The peak temperature at each disintegration step was determined using a Differential Thermogravimetric curve (DTG). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) of the prepared polymer were performed. It was found that the polymer does not have any melting or glass transition point and disintegrates before melting. A spectroscopic study of the polymer was conducted using a Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometer in the visible field (Vis). It was found that the maximum absorption peak for polymer solutions is located at (λmax=550nm), and the value of the molecular absorption coefficient was calculated and was equal to (60.7 L.cm-1.mol-1). This research also studies the formation kinetics of the polymer. It found that the polymerization reaction of poly (p-Aminophenol) was a first-order reaction and its velocity constant was (1.79x10-4 Sec-1).
Effect of Adding Brewers’ Spent Grains to The Substrate of Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus florida on its Productivity and Quality
This research was aimed to study the effect of adding four concentrations (5, 10,15 and 30%) Brewers’ Spent Grains to oyster mushroom substrate (wheat straw) on productivity and quality of Pleurotus florida. The productivity indicators (yield and biological efficiency) and chemical content (the percentage of protein, total phenols, antioxidant activity (DPPH%) were recorded. The results shown that most of the concentrations of Brewers’ Spent Grains increased productivity and biological efficiency, but high concentrations 30% caused the death of mycelium. However, treatment 15% of Brewers’ Spent Grains was the best compared to the control and other treatments, which increased both productivity (407.03 g/kg wet substrate) and biological efficiency (116.63%). Moreover, adding Brewers’ Spent Grains to the substrate increased the nutritional value of oyster mushroom. Protein and antioxidant activity were the highest at 15% of Brewers’ Spent Grains (32.40 % of dry matter and 63.54 DPPH%). As the result, we recommend that the addition of Brewers’ Spent Grains used in this research has a positive effect on the production and nutritional value of oyster mushrooms on the one hand and for safe disposal of it on the other, thus mushroom farmers can be advised to use it.
The Integration of Inorganic and Organic Geochemistry as a Powerful Approach for Evaluating the Generative Potential and Thermal Maturity of the Organic Matter from Lower Triassic Deposits.Case Study: Al-Fayd - Abu Rabah - Al-Sharifa – Tiyas.
A comprehensive geochemical analysis of the Lower Triassic deposits was carried out along a section in the Al-Du Basin in central Syria. The section consisted of four fields: Al-Fayd, Abu Rabah, Al-Sharifa, and Tiyas. The evaluation of the deposits was based on ROCK EVAL parameters, which revealed that they contain a significant amount of organic carbon and belong to the kerogen of Type II. These deposits correspond a transitional zone between the oil and gas windows. Subsequently, a bitumen extraction process was conducted to study its quantitative (hydrocarbon potential and generating capacity) and qualitative (maturity) changes. The results from the ROCK EVAL and extraction tests indicated that the thermal maturity of the organic matter increases from the Al-Fayd field in the southwest to the Tiyas field in the northeast. Furthermore, a separate investigation was conducted to analyze the trace element content and its behavior in each field of the study section. The findings demonstrated the shared geochemical deposition conditions for both the rock and the organic matter, in addition, an increase in the content of rock deposits and organic matter trace elements with decreasing maturity, highlighting their significance and reliability as parameters for determining the relative maturity of organic matter.
Evaluation the Effect of Adding Citrus Juice Residue to The Substrate on Productivity and Quality of Cultivated Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus florida
This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of adding citrus juice residue at four concentrations (10, 20,30 and 40%) to oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida substrate (wheat straw) on its productivity and quality. The productivity indicators (yield and biological efficiency) and chemical content (the per centage of protein, total phenols, antioxidant activity (DPPH%)) were studied. The results shown that most of the concentrations of citrus residue increased productivity and biological efficiency, but high concentrations 40% caused the death of mycelium. However, treatment 30 % of citrus juice residue was the best compared to the control and other treatments, which increased both productivity (448.68 g/kg wet substrate) and biological efficiency (136.02%). Moreover, the citrus juice residue increased the nutritional value of oyster mushroom. Protein and antioxidant activity were the highest at 30% of citrus juice residue (25.49 % of dry matter and 66.22 DPPH%). In conclusion, mushroom farmers can be advised to add 30% of citrus juice residue to the mushroom substrate due to its positive effect on the production and nutritional value of oyster mushrooms on the one hand and for safe disposal of it on the other.
Cultivation of Helicobacter Pylori germ isolated from stomach biopsies and confirmation by biochemical tests
Samples of stomach tissue biopsies taken from the stomach were collected from patients suspected of having helioplastic germ at Al-Kindi Hospital (Damascus).102 tissue biopsies samples were collected during the period between January and October 2023 of the same year, they were kept within the specific and nutritious transmitting medium (Brain and Heart Broth), then transferred to germ laboratory in Children's Hospital (Damascus). Biopsies were crushed by mortar with sterile sea sand and developed in several mediums (Coloumbia Blood Agar-Blood Agar-EMB-Brain and Heart Agar). The transfer medium was optimal for biopsy transfer and retention, and Central Colombia Aagar (to which blood and nutritional supplements were added) was the best selective medium for optimal growth. Positive and negative samples were 78 and 24 respectively. Patients ages ranged between 16 -74 years, they included males and females. Positive samples were proven by a range of biochemical reactions such as oxidase reaction, catalase, rapid urease and gram dye procedure. Tissue sections were performed in the pathological anatomy department to compare anatomical and biochemical results. Germ's positivity was confirmed by a modified fluorescence calibration test (I CHROMA II). These results underscore the importance of conducting an allergic transplant of Helicobacter pylori germ, so that various researches could be carried out. This research also showed that the urease enzyme test and pathological anatomy were highly sensitive for germ detection.
Preparation of ceramic Nano-composites and their use in radioactive materials storage and shielding
The possibility of preparation ceramic nano-composites as well as their shielding properties was studied. The results showed a significant effect of the components used on the variation of the mechanical properties of the ceramic composite. Ceramic composites prepared with different proportions of metallic elements (W, Pb, and Ba) were used to attenuate gamma and X-rays. The results showed a significant decrease in the values of the half-value layer with increasing the amount of additives, more effectively in the case of Ba and Pb. In addition, results showed the ability of ceramic samples to retain radon gas, which makes them suitable and effective in the storage of radioactive materials, especially those that emit radon gas.
Studying the rheological properties in the molten state of blends based on PLA/ABS and determining their mechanical properties
A blend of PLA/ABS in ratios of (10/90,50/50) was prepared in a molten state using a single-screw extruder machine. The rheological properties were studied under various temperatures and high shear stresses using a capillary rheometer, the apparent shear stress transformations were plotted against the apparent shear rate at different temperatures (190, 200, 210, 220)0C, the flow index values (n) for the studied blend were determined, indicating that the plastic blend (n<1) belongs to a similar family of plastics. The Baekle curves were studied by analyzing the pressure transformations (P) with respect to the relative L/R ratio.and The Baekle correction value (e) was determined Using this data the true viscosity (η) was estimated, showing that the true viscosity decreases with increasing shear stress and high true shear rate values. The mechanical properties of the blend were evaluated using a tensile testing machine. and the stress at break, yield stress, and Young’s modulus, were determined. It was observed that the stress at break increased with an increase in the proportion of ABS in the blend, while the Young’s modulus initially decrease and then starts to increase with an increase in the ABS ratio.
A Study to Find the Continuous Edge Chromatic Number and Coloring Algorithm for Graphs P
It is well known that the matter of Graph colouring using the least number of colours is considered a complex Problem from the NP class, and it is summarized in how to colour the vertices of a Graph using the least number of colours, where no two adjacent vertices are assigned the same colour, or how the edges of a graph are coloured using the least number of colours where no two adjacent edges are assigned the same colour. the matter of obtaining continuous Edge colouring emerged because colouring edges does not always present the proper colouring that represents the solution to a certain problem. this matter was taken from an open matter that was not previously worked on [1]. Since the Continuous Edge Chromatic matter is an open matter, and to pursue the academic research in this field, we presented in this research paper a new study that includes the study of colouring for Graphs P . First, we produced graphs P using the Cartesian product of the two paths and , then, we studied colouring these Graphs starting with the continuous Edge colouring. Our study covers three cases according to the order of the Graphs and . Each case involves setting the algorithm of optimal continuous Edge colouring and finding the general formula of continuous Edge chromatic number precisely and viewing some explanatory examples as well as proving the possibility of applying the continuous Edge colouring to Graphs P . Then, we concluded findings, through which, we can classify these graphs in terms of its probability to continuous Edge colouring directly, let alone find the general formula of continuous Edge chromatic number for Graphs P in general according to its order nm. Then we moved to study colouring the edges where we concluded the chromatic number needed to colour the edges, as well as colouring the vertices as we suggested colouring algorithm and we managed to find the required the chromatic number needed to colour the vertices, and we concluded the research with some explanatory examples. In this case we had a comprehensive study that includes the application of all types of colouring on graphs P .
Viscosity and Prediction of Melt Flow Curves for Polycarbonate (PC) and Polyacrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS): PC/ABS (30/70) and PC/ABS (60/40 mass ratio)
A study was conducted on a type of polymer blends based on polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) in the molten state under the influence of shear stresses, shear rate, and temperature. Through the aforementioned transformations, a technique of Prediction curves was performed to determine the possibility of knowing the displacement and structure of flow curves and viscosity along the shear axis and viscosity by selecting a specific reference value for the shear rate γa (ref) and its ratio to the experimental shear rate γa (T) Then, the slip coefficient αT was determined, resulting in a main composition curve where the curves converge. This technique helps in determining the expected production conditions to be applied in various fields..
Modified Reed-Muller Codes for Multiple Error Correction Approach
Reed-Muller codes (RM for shorten), are very popular in the domains of electrical engineering and computer science. Their versatility makes them essential, especially in the area of wireless communication. Within the context of 5G mobile networks, Reed-Muller codes contribute significantly to optimizing data transmission efficiency and reliability. Moreover, these codes play a crucial role in deep-space communication. Thus, the decoding of RM codes still attracts the researchers till now. This paper aims to decode these codes, by providing a modification to binary RM codes. The resulting code allows us to correct the receiving word twice: The first correction approach: The modified code yields an easily compute parity check matrix, which is used to correct errors in the received word. The second correction approach: after we correcting the errors with the previous approach, the word will become much closer to the sent word, and now the majority logic technique will be much more useful.
Solving Differential Equations Using the Modified Natural Transform
In this manuscript, we define the modified natural transform, then we deduced the duality relationship between the Sumudu transform and the modified natural transform. Also, we prove this relationship, and we are deducing the most important relationships and results related to the solution of differential equations. Lastly, we conclude the most important special transform of the modified natural transform and compared them with the transform of the Sumudu transform. We also present applications for this relationship in ordinary and partial differential equations with constant and variable coefficients, and integral-differential equations, where using this the relationship we move to an algebraic equation directly.
Atomic radii, Ionization Energies, and Polarizabilities of Heavy Atoms Au, At, and Ts and their Ions: Unveiling Relativistic Effects with ZORA and Schrödinger Hamiltonians
This study investigates some of the atomic properties of heavy elements, namely Gold (Au), Astatine (At), and Tennessine (Ts), along with their ions (±1). Employing ZORA and Schrödinger Hamiltonians at the Hartree-Fock (HF) level, the analysis covers radii, ionization energies, and polarizabilities. The study explores the influence of basis set size using dyall.npz (n= D, T, Q). Results indicate good agreement of polarizabilities with experimental values in the relativistic case employing the dyall.4zp basis set. Radii also exhibit excellent agreement with other theoretical values in the relativistic scenario using dyall.npz basis sets. Noteworthy is the observation of p3/2 spinor expansion in Astatine and Tennessine atoms due to relativistic effects, suggesting potential impacts on bond lengths in relevant molecules. Furthermore, this work introduces first-time calculations for properties related to astatine and tennessine ions, enriching the understanding of these heavy elements.
Study of Infectivity Ability of Local Isolates of Leishmania Tropica and Determination the Degree Of Susceptibility to Amphotericin B In Vitro
Leishmania tropica is considered the main species that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in all Syrian governorates. Current treatments are based on pentavalent antimony compounds which are used to treat this disease alone or in combination with second-line drugs such as amphotericin B. Recently, therapeutic results of these drugs have become less than ideal, that reflects the presence of different degrees of drug sensitivity and various phenotypes. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the local Leishmania isolates in terms of infectious ability and the degree of sensitivity, specifically to amphotericin B, in case it will be used more widely in future. Based on previous facts, this study aimed to characterize these local isolates of L. tropica in terms of their infectious ability to human macrophages in vitro and evaluate the susceptibility of these isolates to amphotericin B. This research was done by calculating the Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for four local isolates (L1 – L4) after treatment with (AmB) for 24 hours, and monocytes were isolated from human peripheral blood and differentiation into macrophages, then infected by promastigotes of Leishmania Parasites for determination the percentage of infected macrophages and the parasite burden. The values of IC50 revealed different degrees of susceptibility to (AmB) between four isolates. in addition, our results represented significant differences between L3 isolate and others in terms of infectivity ability and parasite burden. Finally, it is worth noting that the third isolate (L3) was the most infectious to macrophages and the lowest resistant to amphotericin B at the same time.
Biostratigraphic study of Maastrichtian sediments in the northen part of costal chain(Syria)
A biostratigraphic study of Maastrichtian sediments was conducted using two groups of foraminifera and coccoliths in the Sarna and Ain al-Tineh sections, in the north of the coastal chain. 37 samples of Foraminifera and 21 samples of Coccoliths were studied in the two sections. Three biozones of foraminifera have been identified that characterize the Maastrichtian sediments in Sarna section: (Globotruncana falsostuartizone, Gansserinagansserizone, Abathomphalus mayaroensiszone) coinciding to the coccolithszone UC20 and corresponding to the period extending from the top of the lower Maastrichtian to the top of the upper Maastrichtian, and two zones in Ain al-Tineh section (Globotruncanafalsostuarti zoneGansserinagansseri zone) corresponding the age of top of lower Maastrichtian –lower part of upper Maastrectian. Biostratigraphic correlation gave the presence of two subzones of coccoliths, UC20d and UC20b, in Sarna, and one subzone UC20b in Ain al-Tineh. A sedimentary lacuna was observed in the Ain al-Tineh section related to the absence of the foraminifera zone (Abathomphalusmayaroensis) and the two subzones of Coccoliths UC20d and UC20c that characterize the sediments of the Upper Maastrichtian summit. The integrated biostratigraphic correlation process indicated the presence a diachronism in the occurrence of Miculamurus between the eastern and western parts of the Mediterranean.
Modeling wireless sensor networks using random graph
Wireless sensor networks are considered one of the most important applications in mobile computing and networking. These networks play an important role in our daily life. Wireless sensors network are tiny battery-powered devices. The energy is one of bounded materials in wireless sensor networks which plays effective role in prformance of these networks. In Mathematics, a network is an example of a graph the integrating process of graph theory with wireless networks is considered a significant issue in the scientific research filed. But not all the network emerge organizely wheresome ones emerge spontaneously or unorganizely and they devlope gradually throug time. Which led to the definition of the random graph. So in our work we aim to get knowledge about random graph and then broaching to random geometric graph. Also we suggest new model for building randomly deployed wireless sensor networks. The suggested model is effective with respect to time complexiction for contructing network (O(n2)) . on the other hand it works on decreasing of energy consumptiun by using geometric random graph. For ensuring of validity of results we ran a simulation of the model in work environment Matlab.
Measurement of photoneutron fluxes on the processing table of two VARIAN IX medical linear accelerators
In this research, the fluxes of optical neutrons accompanying the high-energy photon beams 18 MV and 23 MV issued by the two VARIAN IX medical linear accelerators available at Tishreen University Hospital in Lattakia, Radiation Treatment Division, were measured. 40 CR-39 detectors were installed on wooden beams in succession and at a step of 50 cm to measure the optical neutron fluxes. These detectors were distributed transversely and longitudinally on the processing table of each linear accelerator. The irradiation field of the accelerator was used with dimensions of 40´40 cm2 and the distance was adjusted from the accelerator head to the surface of the treatment table should be SSD=100cm. The measurement results indicated that the value of the photoneutron flux is: → It is highest in the center of the irradiation field, where the value reached 5.0 x 108 n/(cm2.Gy) for the 23 MV beam and 4.8 x 108 n/(cm2.Gy) for the 18 MV beam. → - It decreases in a Gaussian symmetry with respect to the horizontal axis passing through the center of the irradiation square → - In the case of the 23 MV package, it exceeds that of the18 MV package by 17%.
تحضير فلم من البولي الأنيلين المعزز بأكسيد الغرافين المرجع واستخدامه كإلكترود مضاد في الخلايا الشمسية الصباغية
Hybrid film of Polyaniline (PANI) and the reduced Graphene oxide (rGO) has been deposited on transparent conductive substrates (ITO) via new chemical method. The (PANI/rGO) and Polyaniline films were characterized by the (FTIR) spectroscopy and (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The electrochemical properties of the (PANI/rGO) film was studied via cyclic voltammetry (CV) where the conductivity increased approximately seven times compared to the initial value of PANI film. The surface morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy )FE-SEM). The (PANI/rGO) film was used as a counter electrode in the dye-sensitized solar cell which prepared using shami- berries and ZnO nanofilm. the film morphology was examined using atomic force microscopy. The nanoparticles size obtained was of the order of 50 nm and the band gap energy was about 3.26 eV. The photo conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell was about 2.65% with fill factor of 0.9.
Biostratigraphic and paleoecological study of Eocene sediments in the southwestern part of the Palmyra chain (Jabal Zubaydah), Syria
A quantitative and biostratigraphical study is prepared by using the calcareous nannofossils for the sediments of Eocene in Safa section in the southern west part of Palmyra chain to identify their ages and investigate the paleo-ecological changes characterized the Eocene sediments. Nine bioevents are identified in these sediments (the last occurrence (LO) of eight species: Praeprinsius tenuiculus, Neochiastozygus perfectus Discoaster kupperi, Cribrocentrum reticulatum, Sphinolithus stellatus, Neochiastozygus modestus, Chiasomalithus grandis, Chiasomalithus solitus, and the first occurrence (FO) of Cribrocentrum reticulatum. The biostratigraphical correlation with the western Mediterranean basin gave the presence of diachronism in the bioevents of appearance and disappearance of some species like Cribrocentrum reticulatum, the absence of NNTe10 biozone cause the absence of its index species (Sphinolithus furcatolithaides, Helicosphera comacta, Helicosphera reticulate, Blackites gladius) in Safa section. The retreat of mathematic quantitative data of percentage changes of climatic index species of calcareous nannofossils indicate that the seawater was colder during the Eocene with general cooling trend toward the middle/upper Eocene boundary. The principal components analysis method was used to determine the essential environmental factors that characterized the Eocene period, indicating the presence of two primary factors. The first factor is related to changes in sea water level, while the second factor corresponds to changes in sea water temperature.
The total content of phenols and flavonoids of Silene dichotoma and Silene colorata and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of some of their extracts.
In this research, organic extracts of varying polarity were prepared by cold maceration method for two species of the genus Silene L. in Syria, namely: S. colorata and S. dichotoma, which belong to the Caryophyllaceae family, and then some secondary metabolites were detected, including alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, Di- and tri-turpentines and steroids in the studied species. The content of total phenols and flavonoids in the aerial parts of the two species was determined using colorimetric methods, where the content of total phenols in S. dichotoma was highest in both aqueous and methanolic extracts (463.06±0.01 - 364.2±0.03 GAmg/g, respectively). The results showed that the amount of flavonoids was highest in the species Silene dichotoma in both the aqueous and chloroform extracts (5.41±0.22 mgQE/g - 19.46±0.01), respectively, and the species Silene colorata was superior in the content of flavonoids in the methanol extract (62.65±0.01 mgQE/g). The anti-oxidant activity of extracts at different concentrations was tested by inhibiting the free radical DPPH, and a high scavenging rate was observed for the methanol extract in the two species studied, and this corresponds to the high concentration of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in this extract.